Predator Prey Lab Report Essay Example

Predator Prey Lab Report Paper An adaptation aids survival by either decreasing a preys chance of being eaten, or y increasing a predators chance of obtaining food to survive and reproduce. Predators must fight for food. They face density-independent factors which are factors that limit resources, but they cannot be controlled; an example would be bad weather or wildfires. Density-dependent factors are things that can be controlled such as the amount of competition in an environment. For example, if a preys traits allow it to run faster, the predator must also have the characteristics to allow it to run fast enough to catch its prey. Many people confuse adoptions with evolution, but they are not the same. Adoptions are changes in an animal that happen in one generation, while evolution occurs over many generations (Modern Biology, 2006). Charles Darwin had a theory that was the opposite of adaptations. Charles Darnings theory of natural selection was basically survival of the fittest. When organisms reproduce and exceed the carrying capacity, the competition in the environment increases. Because of this, some organisms will not survive (Theory of Natural Selection). It was then that Darwin realized those organisms who were most suited for the environment were the ones who will live on and produce (Darnings Theory of Evolution). For example, picture two birds in an environment. One bird has a long beak and the other has a short beak. The bird with the long beak is able to reach into the holes in the ground and eat the seeds, but the other cannot. The bird populations with the long beaks will be able to survive and reproduce while the population of birds with the short beaks will thin out and eventually go extinct (Modern Biology, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Predator Prey Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Predator Prey Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Predator Prey Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Problem: Which predators will be able to survive and reproduce based on their characteristics, adaptations to the environment, density-dependent factors such s competition for food, and density-independent factors such as bad weather or wild fires? Hypothesis: The spoon will be the predator that survives, reproduces, and dominates the population. If there is a competition between predators over a prey, then the spoon will easily be able to use its bowl-like shape to easily scoop up the prey. If the prey is hidden in the grass, then the spoon will be able to slide through the grass and scoop up any prey hiding. Materials: . 300 pieces of corn 2. 300 pieces of black beans 3. 300 pieces of lima beans 4. 100 pieces of pinto beans 5. Plastic forks with one tongue removed (Broken Forks) . Plastic forks 7. Small plastic knives 8. Plastic spoons 9. Tweezers (forceps) 10. A grass field approximately 15 meters square or a carpeted area about the same size. 11. Styrofoam 6-8 oz. Cups 12. Stop watch Procedures: 1. Distribute 100 pieces of corn, lima beans, and black beans onto the field. 2. Divide the class into 5 groups that are as close to equal as possible. . Give each member of one group forks, of another group spoons, of another group broken forks, of another group knives, and the last group forceps. (If there are no forceps available, the lab can be demonstrated with only 4 groups. 4. Every student gets a Styrofoam cup. 5. Instruct the students that they are individual predators with structural variations. The beans and the corn are the prey. The prey must be picked up with the feeding mechanism (forks, knives, spoons, broken forks, and forceps) and placed in the model mouth (cup). No scraping or pushing of the prey in the mouth is allowed the cup may not touch the ground area. The predators may, however, dash in and pick up any prey being pursued by another predator. Do not hesitate to intrude, any hungry natural predator would not. Hunting time will be 5 minutes. When the teacher or the wildfire comes around and touches any of the students, they must step out of the playing area for fifteen seconds. When told to stop, each student will tally up his kills. If a predator is in the process of capturing a prey when told to stop, he must drop it. 6. Repeat this process for each generation and make the proper adjustments required for each. 7. At the end of the lab, share your data with the class and add up the number of prey killed. Observations: In certain parts of the field, the grass was very tall and the prey that were in that area were very difficult to find. Because of this many predators ignored the grassy areas which caused a lot of competition for prey in the other areas of the field. Certain prey such as the corn was easily concealed in the grass because of its small size. However, in the dirt area, the color of the corn really made it stand out. Therefore, the spoon population was able to reproduce while the other populations began to thin out because they were not as well adapted to the environment, and they were not able to reproduce. Their populations decreased steadily and we can infer that they will eventually go extinct. Fig. 5 shows predator consumption. This graph corresponds to the Predator Population graph. In both graphs the spoon population increases while the others decrease steadily. Again, this is because the spoons were well adapted to the environment and they were able to get more food and reproduce. Another reason was the fact that when some predators starved to death or consumed fewer than five preys they became part of the spoon population. This was done to show how populations that cannot get enough food die off, and those who can continue to live and reproduce. It proves the theory of natural selection. Fig. 6 shows the population of prey. In all cases except for the lima beans, the populations increased. This is because the lima beans were the easiest prey to catch and all the redactors went after them in the first generation. Their population immediately decreased at a drastic level. Because of this, no more lima beans were thrown on the field to show they were no longer able to reproduce. However, for the second generation, the black beans and the corn population increased by one- hundred. This is because there were enough of them left to reproduce. In the third generation you see the corn population increase by one-hundred once again. This is because they were able to reproduce again. However, the black bean population did not increase, but a pinto bean population started at one- hundred. This was because the pinto beans were an invasive species and took over the black bean population. This caused the black beans to not be able to reproduce and their population size stayed the same. Conclusion: This lab was done to show how natural selection affects a predator-prey relationship. Only the strong and most adapted species can survive. The hypothesis was correct because the spoon population was the most adapted and over time became the dominate population. The spoon population was best adapted because it was able to easily scoop up and hiding prey and it was able to scoop up the prey easily in a competition. The spoons were the best adapted at capturing prey as well. The knife and broken fork populations went extinct because they were not well adapted to the environment or catching prey. It can also be inferred that all but the spoon population will also go extinct because they are declining steadily. In human examples, men are able to adapt to the heat by air condition and water. They can adapt to the cold by wearing heavy clothing and heaters. There should be funding to continue to save certain species because there are many species that cannot fend for themselves, but they are incredibly important to the environment. Letting natural selection wee out these species could cause great harm to humans and other animal. Reproduction allowed the spoon population to grow and dominate. It also allowed the corn survive and provide food for the predators. In this lab the experimental group was the predator and prey populations decreasing and increasing based on natural selection. The control variables was the area because it was not tested, as well as the time, and the fact that when you died you became part of the spoon population. The independent variables were the changes in population and prey consumption for each generation.

Reflection Cross Cultural Psychology Essay Example

Reflection Cross Cultural Psychology Essay Example Reflection Cross Cultural Psychology Paper Reflection Cross Cultural Psychology Paper My friend comes from the city of Sarajevo, filled with excellent history and the thriving In Bosnian culture. It Is located In southeastern Europe on the Balkan Peninsula, and takes In culture from Its neighbors of Croatia and Serbia. My friend kindly Invited me to her home where she lives with her mother, father and brother. They told me the story of Immigrating to America from their home only a few years back, and of the culture shock they experienced having to learn a new language, new customs, and an overall new way of life. Basic Bosnian words were taught to me during dinner as we ate one of the most popular and traditional meals called Icecap. It is a national dish in Bosnia consisting of grilled minced meat, and served on a plate tit chopped onions and sour cream on a flattered. I found it interesting to compare something to our American national dish which is cheeseburgers, or hot dogs, and found out that Escapes are everywhere in cafes, restaurants, on the street and a regular staple in the home. Dessert was Just as fulfilling, eating Baklava and sipping on espresso from tiny cups her mother made. Growing up locally in Bellevue, events that I usually attended were concerts, or dance classes like ballet or hip hop in the usual leggings and leotard. I learned that the activities best known to the Bosnian culture is its regional folk costumes and encase. Youth frequently attend folklore festivals that are commonly spread throughout the year, and I found it interesting to find out we hold these huge festivals locally here in Seattle and also in Boise, Idaho. My friend dances in one of the dance groups, and took me to one of her dance practices in Tequila. Dances are performed in separate groups of men, women and children, and the participants are linked by holding hands and waving colorful handkerchiefs. The music consisted of Slavic music and traditional instruments too with drums, violins, and flutes. All the omen looked beautiful in their folk costumes with silk pants consisting of colors such as red, gold and white, and a head dressing called a ducat made of old coins with pearls to show feminism. The shirts worn by women are cotton and very loose, covered by a dark vest In black and purple, and the entire outfit Is stitched In gold thread. I learned that Bosnian women pride themselves In wearing gold Jewelry as opposed to silver because It radiates warmth and fervently. When It came to Bosnian pop culture, my friend played her favorite songs by Leap Brenna. Which sounds like a Bosnian version of our Bribery Spears. Hip hop music recently started to thrive in Sarajevo with familiar beats and popular songs by the rapper Eddo Mask. In our American society, one of the most popular comedic shows is Sniffed. My friend and I watched a short episode of Loud Stunned Normal which resembles I TTS comedy. A tong Llanos unreason teen language, I enumerators plot and characters and found humor in the show. Also, in American society we have superstitions such as black cats give bad luck, thirteen is an unlucky number, and breaking a mirror will give you bad luck for the time of seven years. Bosnian are more superstitious than the American culture, as I have learned from my experience. While my friend was driving us to her dance class She asked me to punch her in the nose and I had no idea why she would ask me. I did as she asked me, and informed me that an itchy nose will cause anger and a bad mood. Other commonly believed superstitions are that if your right ear itches, then someone is thinking of you, and if your left ear does, then someone is talking very badly of you. Our world is based on a mixture of different groups of people, attitudes, customs ND values that are learned from one another. All of our different cultures blend into our society and impact the way we relate and understand each other. By immersing myself in my friends foreign culture, and learning about her Bosnian customs and way of life, I learned that although our cultures are different, we are marked by a similarity. We might speak different languages, yet we express the same feelings and have similar values. Through this experience I enjoyed very much to learn about a different cultural perception and way of life as I began to recognize mine in the process.

Reflaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reflaction - Essay Example Thus, it argues that there is no need of getting pregnant and later on procure abortions. The point is, it all depends with the mother on whether to abort or not. Some mothers feel it is good to have children because this will bring them joy, health and respect too. On the hand, others feel it is better to end a just-begun life. According to Arcana (227) states that the idea of being able to make own decisions is very important and women who are able to bear children are valued. Beargman (47) emphasizes on gender whereby some people always mistake a boy from a girl because of some features which they posses. According to Beargman (49), one might be inspired to know who exactly these people are; boys or girls. The idea of possessing these features is not new because such people are not in a position to reveal gender identity even though it is not pleasing to them. Pascode (36) argues that, interracial marriage is unnatural and immoral. In this way, racism is promoted instead of being fought against. This point of interracial marriage is not persuasive since it argues that if interracial marriage is practiced, this will lead to same-sex marriage (Pascode 37). These types of marriages nowadays are not something surprising even though there are laws against this. One would be inspired to know the reasons behind these marriages. Beargman (124) argues clearly that, those people with different features unlike their physical appearance might have some complications in their bodies and they are not willing to reveal their gender due to the fear of going through discrimination or suffering. The idea of hiding their gender is not persuasive because one might develop complex problems and die. It is not the wish of these people to be this way and therefore, they should be cared and valued just like any other human being (Beargman

Market for Digital Cameras in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Market for Digital Cameras in Europe - Essay Example Then competition is reduced and a return to tacit agreement is likely. Petrol provides occasional examples of price wars. Interdependent behavior is an important feature of oligopoly, because the small number of competing firms watch each other closely, devising strategies which take into account the likely reaction of the others. Digital camera market has been growing phenomenally since last 10 years. According to a news report published in ZDNet UK, the sales of digital camera had doubled in the year 2003 on a global scale. A Japanese industry group claimed that Europe was ahead of Japan and the United States of America (USA) in terms of revenues and sales both. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) The Camera and Imaging Products association (CIPA) had revealed that 13.4 million units were shipped globally in the year 2003, with a year-on-year 93% growth. Out of these 13.4 million units, Europe received the most, that is 4.57 million units. This was 20% more than the shipments received by the USA and amounted to 3.82 million units. Japan snapped 3.08 million units. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) Research also reveals that for the first time, sales of digital cameras had exceeded those of film cameras in the year 2002. 23.6 million film-based cameras were sold in 2002 while sales of digital cameras amounted to 24.5 million. ... Some oligopolies have a number of large competitors, as with Coca Cola and other major soft drink suppliers, together with a large number of comparatively small suppliers which are price takers. Global digital camera market Digital camera market has been growing phenomenally since last 10 years. According to a news report published in ZDNet UK, the sales of digital camera had doubled in the year 2003 on a global scale. A Japanese industry group claimed that Europe was ahead of Japan and the United States of America (USA) in terms of revenues and sales both. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) The Camera and Imaging Products association (CIPA) had revealed that 13.4 million units were shipped globally in the year 2003, with a year-on-year 93% growth. Out of these 13.4 million units, Europe received the most, that is 4.57 million units. This was 20% more than the shipments received by the USA and amounted to 3.82 million units. Japan snapped 3.08 million units. (Munir Kotadia, 2003) Research also reveals that for the first time, sales of digital cameras had exceeded those of film cameras in the year 2002. 23.6 million film-based cameras were sold in 2002 while sales of digital cameras amounted to 24.5 million. Initially this gap was only marginal, but with the passing years, the gap has only been widening. With 80% to 90% penetration, the digital camera market has now reached the saturation point in Europe, US, and Japan. This is to mean that 9 out of every 10 consumers own a digital camera. (Munir Kotadia, 2003 and Coco Masters, 2009) The boom in phone and digital camera markets has given Europe the lead over US in these two technological grounds. Miss Carolina Milanesi, a Gartner analyst, had commented back then that consumers in US were still in the process of getting familiar

Barwa fainancial Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Barwa fainancial - Case Study Example The main amounts are; cash in hand 79, balances with reputed banks 16,663 (7,497+9,166), and wakala placements 942,500 (in thousands of Qatari Riyals). The Barwa keeps comparatively low cash balance in hand as a part of its credit risk limiting strategy. b. Barwa’s total Cash and Cash equivalents at the end of the year 2009 represent 979,217,000 Riyals (Barwa annual report). From Barwa’s consolidated statement of cash flows for the year ended 31st December 2009, it is evident that the organization used cash for a variety of purposes. Accounts payables constitute one of the major cash uses for the year. Similarly, the cash flow statement reflects that the Barwa used cash for ranges of investing activities including payments for acquisitions of property under development and investment property, payments for establishment and acquisition of associates, payments for the purchase of financial assets, and payments for the purchase of plant and equipment (Barwa annual report) . In addition, the organization has dealt with some financing activities include payments for purchase of land and dividend payments. Social contributions, office and administrative expensed and other miscellaneous expenses were the other items that contributed to cash expenditure. c. Barwa mainly practices impairment allowances in its accounting practices. As per the annual report, the impairment allowances represent Barwa’s estimated incurred losses ‘in its receivables and balances from financing activities’. From the framed accounting practices of Barwa, it is obvious that a specific loss component constitutes the main part of this allowance and it is directly associated with individually significant exposures. The element of allowance is visible in the organization’s construction contracts. During the progress of the construction contract, an allowance is maintained for contingency mechanism and it relates to gross margin recognition. It is computed on the basis of percentage of completion certified. Similarly, in order to state the receivables and balances from financing activities, the impaired allowances are deducted from the obtained amortized cost and the resultant figure is recorded. It is observed that due from various parties is not completely recoverable; hence, the Barwa has also marinated impairment allowances for such receivables. d. Barwa has formulated specific provisions for classifying its receivables from financial activities. These formulated provisions clearly comply with the Qatar Central Bank requirements. For this purpose, the Barwa classifies the receivables due for more than 90 to 180 days as substandard; whereas the organization considers it doubtful when the receivables due for more than 181 to 270 days. Finally, those receivables which are due fore more than 270 days are considered to be loss assets (Barwa annual report). This classification seems to be more practical so that it would increase the relia bility of financial statements. The firm does not write off any dues before the maturity period of nine months. This time period gives maximum opportunity to the debtors to clear their accounts; therefore, this provision assists the organization to avoid future corrections to a large extent. Probably,

Analysis of Keyblogger

Analysis of Keyblogger Keyblogger is basically a spyware. As indicated by its namesake, it logs or recors your keystrokes. When you type in your username or password, this information is logged and amde available to the hacker. Keyloggers can either be physical or software-based, the latter being more difficult to detect. A keylogger works in several different ways Each keystroke is recorded and immediately dispatched to some remote listener over the internet. Keystroke are collected ina temporary file, which is then periodically uploaded to the authors location over the internet. The keystrokes are collected in a temporary file, but much like a spam bot, can listen for and recieve instructions from the author. The logger could thus upload the collectedinformation when requested. The collected keystrokes could never be uploaded. Instead, if someone has remote access to your machine, or even physical access to your machine, they could simply come by and copy theinformation manually. Finally, the information may not even be kept on your machine. There are keyloggers that include a little flash memory and can be quickly inserted in between installing, the person behind it stops by and picks up the device containing all yourinformation. There are two methods for bypassing keyloggers, both which involve confusing the logger with random keystrokes. The first, when you need to enter a username or password, is to randomly insert irrelevant numbers and letters in between the same. Once entered, just select the random hits wih the mouse and delete them before logging in. The second is for foolingkeyloggers that capture all keystrokes and not just those typed in the password box. Enter your info randomly across the browser and search bars along with random numbers and letters. When you wish to log in, simply copy and paste the relevant bits into the log-in boxes. You can use KYPS, a reverse proxy server that takes a password, encrypts into a one-time code, printed from the KPYS web site that can be used to log into any computer safely. After being decrypted by the KYPS system and logged in, it deletes the one time code as a password. KYPS also acts as a normal proxy to protect your browsing history. When browsing, it displays the KYPS URL along with random characters and symbols to maximise security. The work offline option shouldnt be relied on too often. This feature is specific to Internet Explorer or the application with that function, and its not too hard for a keylogger to bypass something so narrow. Also, even if you physically pulled out the internet connection wire from your PC, only the first of the above approaches is rendered harmless. The keylogger can still quietly collect the data and transmit it when a connection is available. As such, there is no way to be 100% carefull against keyloggers. It depends on specific keyloggers most of the time. However, you should always remain careful and cautious when entering a cyber cafà ©

Physics of Billiards :: physics sport sports pool billiards

Physics can be found anytime, anywhere. Billards is one game where the more you know about physics the better a player you will be. Some of the main physics principles in Billards are: Newton's Laws: 1st: An object in motion tends to stay in motion while an object at rest will stay at rest, unless acted upon by an outside force. 2nd: Force is proportional to mass times the acceleration. 3rd: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Conservation of Momentum: In an isolated system, (a system with no outside force acting upon it) then the total momentum will remain constant. Inertia: The tendency an object has to follow the same path all the time and not change its motion. Friction: Sliding Friction: the friction on an object while it is moving. Static Friction: Static Friction is the friction that acts on an object that is stationary. There are a few different techniques to striking the cue ball and each will give a different results. Center ball: When you hit center ball, the cue ball slides for a ways, and then rolls. Draw: Is achieved by hitting the cue ball below center. First the ball rotates backward. This rotation slows as the ball slides, and then the ball rolls forward as it does on other shots. The harder you shoot, the farther the ball will travel with this backward spin. And the lower you cue the ball, the farther the ball will travel with this backward spin. Follow: The opposite of draw is follow. This is achieved by hitting the cue ball above center. The cue ball then rotates forward. If the cue ball then hits another ball, it will roll forward after the collision. Stop shot: When the cue ball is very close to the object ball, this can be accomplished with center ball.

Historical Investigation Essay

â€Å"Assess the impact of the period from 1969 – 1982 on the IRA/Sinn Fein and their development into a significant political force in Northern Ireland† â€Å"Assess the impact of the period from 1969 – 1982 on the IRA/Sinn Fein and their development into a significant political force in Northern Ireland† During the period from 1969-1982 both the IRA and Sinn Fein underwent significant change. Sinn Fein moved from a fringe role, in the nationalist movement of Northern Ireland, to a dominant political position. During a time of intense violence in the region an internal discussion was taking place, deliberating on the value of armed resistance versus political engagement. The ideals that rose out of this transformed the movement and laid the basis for the central role it would play in the eventual Good Friday Agreement of 1998. The re-emergence of the nationalist movement led to the rise and resurrection of groups such as the IRA. Naturally this caused much tension, and incidences of violence began to rise. Acts of exceptional protest showed the incomparable power of politics over violence and led to international recognition of the issue. Ultimately Sinn Fein developed into one of the most powerful political forces in Northern Ireland. After years in the dark the nationalist movement began to rapidly gain momentum when the Belfast Troubles began in 1969. The IRA had been deeply divided since 1921 when Dail Eireann chose to ratify the Anglo- Irish treaty. The treaty established the autonomous Irish Free State whilst the province of Ulster remained under the direct control of the United Kingdom. Despite the fact that IRA member Michael Collins had played a role in writing the treaty there was still a major difference of opinion between members of the IRA.1 They were divided between those who were for the establishment of the Free State and those who believed it was illegitimate and illegal. The Split over the treaty led to the Irish Civil War from 1922-3. Many of the opposing leaders had been close friends and comrades during the Irish War of Independence. The civil war split the IRA and this rift would continue to haunt Irish politics for many years to come. In the 1960’s the IRA was further marginalised as it came under the influence of left wing thinkers. This caused a split between the factions of the IRA based in Dublin and Belfast.2 In 1969 the wounds of old were once stirred again when Northern Ireland was rocked by bloody sectarian rioting. The bloodiest rioting was in Belfast where seven people were killed and hundreds injured.3 Violence escalated sharply after these events and new paramilitary groups came into existence on either side of the conflict. The Provisional IRA received an upsurge in membership. It was from here that ‘The Troubles,’ one of the most infamous periods in Irish history began. The violence was characterised by armed campaigns of paramilitary groups. Conflict hit the streets and many innocent people were often attacked. Alongside the violence there was deadlock between the major political parties of Northern Ireland over how the province would be administered and governed. 1972 saw an explosion of political violence in Northern Ireland in which many people lost their lives. The nationalist community saw the Provisional IRA as their defenders, who began an armed campaign in reaction to loyalist provoked violence. During this period the party Sinn Fein had no interest in electoral politics.4 They voiced the need for military opposition to British rule in Northern Ireland. They gained control of the Republican movement and began to focus on flooding nationalist propaganda throughout Northern Ireland. Membership began to skyrocket as anti-British sentiment ran rife. The Republican political party Sinn Fein built the foundations for a movement which in ten years would expand to have branches in every town in Ireland. Atrocities by loyalists and British forces themselves were used to justify the IRA as a movement and inspired many to stand up and fight for the cause they all believed in. On 30 January 19725 in the city of Derry, Northern Ireland border, perhaps one of the largest single atrocities of the ‘Troubles’ period occurred. During a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march in the bogside area of the city members of the 1st Battalion of the British Parachute regiment opened fire on many unarmed protestors. Twenty seven people are known to have been shot and fourteen of those were killed with at least five of the latter confirmed as being shot in the back. 6 Witnesses, including bystanders and British journalists, testify that all those shot appeared to be unarmed. Many individual atrocities occurred that day witnessed by hundreds of people. Eye witness Michael McCallion testified that â€Å"A fellow came out with a white flag, no sooner had he done this when the middle of three British soldiers pulled the trigger and shot him through the head†¦.I have witnessed this as God is my judge and I say that it was cold blooded murder.†7 Testimonies such as this confirm the extreme acts of violence the British committed unnecessarily on that day. One paratrooper who gave evidence testified that they were told by an officer to expect a gunfight and â€Å"we want some kills.†8 The reason for the uproar over such killings was the British soldiers were essentially not an occupying force but a measure of peace between nationalist and loyalist paramilitary groups. As Catholic Bishop of Derry Edward Daly commented â€Å"What really made Bloody Sunday so obscene was the fact that afterwards at the highest level British justice justified it.†9 Acts such as this by official British forces reaffirmed the belief of many that the British Government was still the real enemy and behind the problems that continued in Northern Ireland. This justified the cause of the nationalist movement and subsequently the IRA and Sinn Fein as well. Both organisations had now developed a strong following throughout the Republic and Northern Ireland. Whilst such occurrences did cause much suffering and pain they proved useful to both the IRA and Sinn Fein in acquiring widespread support for the movement. Sinn Fein and the IRA were not officially linked but both strived for the same goal. The Provisional Irish Republican Army was a paramilitary organisation that considered itself a direct continuation of the IRA that had fought in the Irish war of Independence.10 Its stated objective was to end British rule in Ireland and withdraw Northern Irelands status as part of the United Kingdom. The Provisionals advocated for armed defence of Catholic communities in the north and an offensive campaign to end British rule. As the violence in Northern Ireland steadily increased the IRA began to call for a more aggressive campaign against British loyalists. Sinn Fein was a political party of the Republican movement. It was formed in 1970 but has traces back to the original party founded in 1905.11 The party is believed to be directly associated with the IRA. Both Sinn Fein and the IRA played different but converging roles in the war for liberation. Whilst the movements were not officially linked it was widely thought that they were different faces of the same movement. In 2005 the British Government stated â€Å"We had always said all the way through that we believed the IRA and Sinn Fein were inextricably linked and that had obvious implications at leadership level.†12 Throughout the early seventies there was much internal argument between factions of the IRA and Sinn Fein over whether their movement’s primary role should chiefly military or political, although both groups viewed Britain as a colonial occupier and therefore viewed the political process as illegal. Until 1973 Sinn Fein had little interest in politics as the party was still deemed illegal by the British Government. Political activity began in 1973 when Sinn Fein opened the Republican press centre on Falls Road. In 1973 the first attempt at negotiations to resolve the situation led to the Sunningdale Agreement, which devised a power sharing system in the Northern Ireland Assembly, Although this did no include Sinn Fein and quickly collapsed under pressure from loyalist strikes.13 In May 1974 British secretary of State Merlyn Rees legalised Sinn Fein as a political party.14 This was perhaps the beginning of tacit recognition by the British Government that negotiations were only meaningful if they were directly with the IRA. Whilst local politicians such as John Hume, of the Nationalist Party, were respected they did not command enough power to have any effect. Secret meetings between Provisional IRA leaders Ruairi O’Bradaigh and Billy McKee with Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Merlyn Rees resulted in a ceasefire which began in February 1975.15 The truce proved to be disastrous for the IRA; leading to infiltration by many British informers into their ranks. After a build up of tensions and a series of sectarian killings the ceasefire broke down in January 1976.16 It was clear that the original aims of the IRA leadership for a quick military victory were receding. It was acts of violence by British authorities that justified the military side of the movement and ensured tensions would continue for years to come. As Sinn Fein began to move into the political process so did many former revolutionaries and IRA members. One such person was Gerry Adams; after being in prison for alleged IRA membership17 he turned himself in a new direction a moved towards the political process. In 1978 he was elected as the vice president of Sinn Fein. This most likely came as a result of the realisation by many senior figures that it was becoming more and more unlikely that a military victory could be achieved. Whilst significant events such as Bloody Sunday lead to anti-British sentiment to sky rocket many turned away from violence and embraced the political system. Protests by a number of imprisoned IRA members in Long Kesh gaol showed the power of political tactics, leading to the dominance of Sinn Fein as a political force. The 1981 hunger strike was the climax of a five year protest by Republican prisoners in Northern Ireland. The protest originally began in 197618 when the British Government removed its special category status for convicted paramilitary prisoners. This status had provided them with Prisoner of War privileges as specified in the Geneva Convention.19 Prisoners did not have to wear prison uniforms, do prison work and were allowed to be housed within their own paramilitary factions. They were also entitled to receive extra food parcels and have extra visits. When these rights were removed by the British Government, as recommended by the Gardiner Committee20, the prisoners began a protest to gain them back. It started with a blanket protest in which prisoners refused to wear uniforms but instead wrapped themselves in prison blan kets; they stated that they were not criminals but political prisoners. In 197821 the dispute escalated into a dirty protest in which prisoners refused to wash and covered their cell walls with excrement. In 1980 the first hunger strike took place but to no avail ending after 53 days.22 The second strike in 1981 is perhaps one of the best know instances of protest throughout the campaign. The strike was lead by former IRA Officer Commanding in the prison, Bobby Sands.23 At the beginning of the strike there was little progress and it didn’t receive much outside support. But after five days the strike received a much needed boost; the Independent Republican MP for Fermanagh and South Tyrone died and a by-election was called to appoint his replacement. It was decided that Bobby Sands would stand against the Ulster Unionist Party candidate Harry West.24 On 9 April 1981 Sands won a narrow victory and was elected to the British House of Commons.25 The victory attracted worldwide attention and thousands of media personnel descended on Belfast. On the six ty sixth day of the hunger strikes, May 5, Sands died causing riots across Northern Ireland. One hundred thousand people lined the route of his funeral a few days later.26 In the weeks after Sands death three more hunger strikers died,27 and another by-election had to be held for the seat of Fermanagh and South Tyrone. Due to the fact that the British Government had rushed through the Representation of the People Act,28 which meant prisoners serving more than one year could not run for parliament, so Sands’ election agent Owen Carron had to run instead. He claimed a similar victory gaining a larger percentage of the votes. The success of hunger strike created a firm platform for Irish republicanism and paved the way for the formal entry of Sinn Fein into electoral politics the following year. It was also around this period that the British Government began reforming its policies in relation to the IRA and Sinn Fein. They now viewed Sinn Fein as a legitimate political movement who would be included in official negotiations. The achievements of the hunger strikers proved the power of political activism as opposed to violence; they also exposed the falseness of the British Governments claim that the Republican movement had no support. The events of 1969-82 transformed the Republican movement from a violence orientated force to a significant political force. As Sinn Fein began to grow as a political force the IRA slowly, and with considerable internal difficulties, changed its ways. This eventually paved the way for an official ceasefire in 1994. Their agreement to decommission their weapons meant that Sinn Fein was allowed to come to the negotiation table and play a significant role in the Good Friday agreement of 1998. That agreement resulted in a devolved power sharing structure of self government for Northern Ireland, whilst it still remained within the United Kingdom.29 In 2007 Martin McGuiness of Sinn Fein was appointed deputy first minister and held equal power alongside Ian Paisely of the DUP in the Northern Ireland Assembly Government.30 From the split in the nationalist movement in 1969 to its reemergence throughout the seventies, alongside the IRA, there was much change. Events such as Bloody Sunday increased the military overtone of the movement but ultimately peaceful political power prevailed. Acts such as the 1981 hunger strike proved the power of political protest as compared to violence. Ultimately Sinn Fein grew into a legitimate political party and as of 2009 they became the largest party in Northern Ireland following European Parliamentary elections.31 _______________________________________________________ Bibliography Literary Sources English, Richard (2003), Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA, Pan Books, Stuttgart, Germany ________________________________________________________________________ Geraghty, Tony (2000), The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, USA ________________________________________________________________________ Hastings, Max (1970), Ulster 1969 – The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland, Victor Gollancz LTD, London, United Kingdom ________________________________________________________________________ McEvoy, Kieran (2001), Paramilitary Imprisonment in Northern Ireland: Resistance, Management, and Release, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom ________________________________________________________________________ Moloney, Ed (2002), A Secret History of the IRA, Penguin Books, New Jersey, USA ________________________________________________________________________ Mullan, Don (1997), Eyewitness Bloody Sunday – The Truth, Wolfhound Press, Dublin, Ireland ________________________________________________________________________ O’Brien, Brendan (1995), the Long War, the IRA and Sinn Fein, Syracuse University Press, New York, USA ________________________________________________________________________ Electronic Sources BBC (2009), on this day – 9 Decmeber1973 (online), BBC, London, United Kingdom. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9/newsid_2536000/2536767.stm (Accessed 26 July 2009) ________________________________________________________________________ BBC (2009), Profile: Martin McGuinness (online), BBC, London, United Kingdom. Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1303355.stm (Accessed 29 July 2009) ________________________________________________________________________ CAIN Web Service (2009), A chronology of the conflict (online), University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom. Available from http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch76.htm (Accessed 27 July 2009) ________________________________________________________________________ Lord Gardiner (1975), Report of a Committee to consider, in the context of civil liberties and human rights, measures to deal with terrorism in Northern Ireland – Extract (online), University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom. Available from http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/gardiner.htm#1 (Accessed July 28 2009) ________________________________________________________________________ McClean, Raymond, The Road to Bloody Sunday – Extracts (online), University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom. Available from http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/mcclean.htm (Accessed 28 July 2009) ________________________________________________________________________ National Archives of Ireland (no date), Documents on Irish Foreign Policy Series: text of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (online), Irish Government, Dublin, Ireland, Available from http://www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/anglo_irish/dfaexhib2.html (Accessed 1 August 2009) ________________________________________________________________________ Prime Ministers Office (2005), Briefing from the Prime Minister’s Official Spokesman on: Anti Terror Law, President Bush/EU, Foreign Doctors in NHS, Hunting and Northern Ireland (online), British Government, London, United Kingdom, Available from http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page7148 (Accessed 29 July 20090 ________________________________________________________________________ Sinn Fein Official Website (2009), History made – Sinn Fein is now the largest party in the six counties (online), Belfast, United Kingdom, Available from http://www.sinnfein.ie/contents/16580 (Accessed 29 July 2009) ________________________________________________________________________ University College Cork (2009), Multitext project in Irish History – Movements for Political and Social Reform, 1870 – 1914 (online), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Available from http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Ireland_politics__administration_1870-1914#12TheFirstSinnFeacuteinParty> (Accessed 25 July 2009) ________________________________________________________________________ 1 National Archives of Ireland, Documents on Irish Foreign Policy Series: text of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, n.d, (1 August 2009) 2 Moloney, Ed (2002), A Secret History of the IRA, Penguin Books. p. 246 3 English, Richard (2003), Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA, Pan Books. p. 136 4 O’Brien, Brendan, the Long War, the IRA and Sinn Fein (1995) 5 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA. p. 80 6 McClean, Raymond, The Road to Bloody Sunday – Extracts, 1997, < http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/mcclean.htm> (28 July 2009) 7 Mullan, Don, Eyewitness Bloody Sunday – The Truth, Wolfhound Press 8 Geraghty, Tony, The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence, unknown p. 65 9 Mullan, Don, Eyewitness Bloody Sunday – The Truth 10 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA. p. 432 11 University College Cork, Multitext project in Irish History – Movements for Political and Social Reform, 1870 – 1914, 2009, < http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Ireland_politics__administration_1870-1914#12TheFirstSinnFeacuteinParty> (25 July 2009) 12 Prime Ministers Office, Briefing from the Prime Minister’s Official Spokesman on: Anti Terror Law, President Bush/EU, Foreign Doctors in NHS, Hunting and Northern Ireland, 21 February 2005, < http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page7148> 13 BBC, On this day – 9 Decmeber1973, 2009, < http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9/newsid_2536000/2536767.stm> (26 July 2009) 14 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA 15 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA 16 English, Richard, Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA, p. 136 17 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA p. 140. 18 McClean, Raymond, The Road to Bloody Sunday – Extracts 19 McEvoy, Kieran, Paramilitary Imprisonment in Northern Ireland: Resistance, Management, and Release, Oxford University Press 20 Lord Gardiner, Report of a Committee to consider, in the context of civil liberties and human rights, measures to deal with terrorism in Northern Ireland – Extract, 1975, < http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/gardiner.htm#1> (July 28 2009) 21 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict, 2009, < http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch76.htm> (27 July 2009) 22 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict 23 English, Richard, Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA p. 196 24 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA p. 211 25 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict 26 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict 27 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict 28 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict 29 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict 30 BBC, Profile: Martin McGuinness, 2009, < http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1303355.stm> (29 July 2009) 31 Sinn Fein Online, History made – Sinn Fein is now the largest party in the six counties, 2009, < http://www.sinnfein.ie/contents/16580> (29 July 2009)

My Great Mother Essays

My Great Mother Essays My Great Mother Essay My Great Mother Essay Essay Topic: Mother To Mother Everyone must have a source of inspiration and encouragement in their lives. Theirs idol can be of famous singer or actors such as Tom Cruise or even maybe sports stars like Eric Cantona. As for me, my source of inspiration is my mother my mother is not a well-known politician or a famous performer. She is just plain working mother who devotes her life to me and that is what makes her so special in my life. She never fails to wear a radiant smile that is able to lighten up the room she walks in, my mother sa always be my side during the good times and has always been a shoulder to cry on during the bad times. he takes good care of me since i was in her womb. she nurses me when i am sick and has brought me up to be well-mannered and well-educated person. my mother is one of important assets in my life as she always encourages me to study hard and make sure i have a good education so that i can succeed in life. she has been very patient with me and support me in everything i do. she ha s done a lot to boost my self-confidence and self- esteem. he does not scold whenever i failed in something, she will console me and make me feel better by telling me stories about her own failure and achievements throughout life. i would like to thank God for creating such a wonderful and loving person for all the kids in the wide world called Mum. i know i shall feel like someone has cut off my right arm if anyone should take her away from me. no amount of money could repay all her kindness and loves towards me. i shall always cherish the sweet memories of my mother for as long as i live.

CTA Swapper Test Post

CTA Swapper Test Post SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips ACT eBook ACT Signup SAT Signup Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Allen Cheng About the Author As co-founder and head of product design at PrepScholar, Allen has guided thousands of students to success in SAT/ACT prep and college admissions. He's committed to providing the highest quality resources to help you succeed. Allen graduated from Harvard University summa cum laude and earned two perfect scores on the SAT (1600 in 2004, and 2400 in 2014) and a perfect score on the ACT. You can also find Allen on his personal website, Shortform, or the Shortform blog. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. No spam ever. hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '2', submitButtonClass: 'btn-red-light btn', target: '#hubspot-container2', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-subscribe-thank-you', css: '.post-bottom .hs-form.stacked label {display:none;} .post-bottom .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 55px; padding-left: 300px;} .post-bottom .hs-input {width: 220px} .post-bottom .btn-primary, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; padding-left:350px} .post-bottom .hs-form-field {margin-bottom:5px}' }); $(function(){ $(".exclusive-tip-form #hubspot-container2 label").hide(); }); function replace_tag(a, b){ $(a).each(function(index) { var thisTD = this; var newElement = $(""); $.each(this.attributes, function(index) { $(newElement).attr(thisTD.attributes[index].name, thisTD.attributes[index].value); }); $(this).after(newElement).remove(); }); } $(function(){ replace_tag($(".posts-by-topic h3"), "h2"); }) Ask a Question BelowHave any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! Search the Blog Search jQuery(function(){ var $ = jQuery; var url = 'http://google.com/search?q=site:' + location.protocol + '//' + location.hostname + ' '; var $searchModule = $('.hs-search-module.20df8524-ad69-4fb9-b0a8-2b8d82a4f5c8'); var $input = $searchModule.find('input'); var $button = $searchModule.find('.hs-button.primary'); if (false) { $input.val(decodeURIComponent(location.pathname.split('/').join(' ').split('.').join(' ').split('-').join(' ').split('_').join(''))); } $button.click(function(){ var newUrl = url + $input.val(); var win = window.open(newUrl, '_blank'); if (win) { //Browser has allowed it to be opened win.focus(); } else { //Browser has blocked it location.href = newUrl; } }); $input.keypress(function(e){ if (e.keyCode !== 13) return; e.preventDefault(); $button.click(); }); }); Improve With Our Famous Guides SATPrep ACTPrep For All Students The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 160+ SAT Points How to Get a Perfect 1600, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Score 800 on SAT Math Score 800 on SAT Reading Score 800 on SAT Writing Series: How to Get to 600 on Each SAT Section: Score 600 on SAT Math Score 600 on SAT Reading Score 600 on SAT Writing Free Complete Official SAT Practice Tests What SAT Target Score Should You Be Aiming For? 15 Strategies to Improve Your SAT Essay The 5 Strategies You Must Be Using to Improve 4+ ACT Points How to Get a Perfect 36 ACT, by a Perfect Scorer Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: 36 on ACT English 36 on ACT Math 36 on ACT Reading 36 on ACT Science Series: How to Get to 24 on Each ACT Section: 24 on ACT English 24 on ACT Math 24 on ACT Reading 24 on ACT Science What ACT target score should you be aiming for? ACT Vocabulary You Must Know ACT Writing: 15 Tips to Raise Your Essay Score How to Get Into Harvard and the Ivy League How to Get a Perfect 4.0 GPA How to Write an Amazing College Essay What Exactly Are Colleges Looking For? Is the ACT easier than the SAT? A Comprehensive Guide Should you retake your SAT or ACT? When should you take the SAT or ACT? Michael improved by 370 POINTS! Find Out How Stay Informed Get the latest articles and test prep tips! Looking for Graduate School Test Prep? Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: GRE Online Prep Blog GMAT Online Prep Blog TOEFL Online Prep Blog

SOFTWARE USABILITY SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SOFTWARE USABILITY SLP - Essay Example Operations tell the performance levels of the software for certain tasks. A breakthrough in software usability evaluation came from Shackel (1991). It defines usability as the capability of artifact in terms of human functions. These human functions will enable the softwares easy, satisfactory and effective use by its users. It places the usability to the level of interaction between artifact and users. When the criteria of software usability are set, the approach supports the process of evaluation and the interpretation of results. Usability thus is not limited to features of the interface, but it is a measure of "interaction" between human and computer. There exist different methods to evaluate software usability. It depends on time, labor, evaluator – experience, development stage, preference, and facilities. In wider terms, the distinction in evaluation methods is user based, expert-based and model-based. The user-based methods are more realistic in estimation of usability and give a very concise record of significant problems. But this method is time-consuming and expensive for larger samples. The expert based models are cheap and fast. But here, there is a risk of overestimation of the actual number of problems. The model-based method gives a laborious estimate of the standard of software usability. The main disadvantage is it has a limited applicability in task. Hence, after that HCI came into existence. The four approaches are Eberts (1994) describes the user interface designs to be user-friendly, intuitive and efficient. He defines four approaches to HCI. Anthropomorphic, Cognitive, Empirical and predictive. The anthropomorphic way designs a user interface that possesses human-like qualities, for example, in interface error messaging, avatars or sounds. The cognitive approach considers the potential of human brain and senses, in order to develop the interface to support the user. A metaphoric design is one such example

Spread of disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spread of disease - Essay Example The humoral theory was the hub of cause of disease in the European world till it was phased off by the germ theory that was first conceived in the sixteenth century. It took three centuries for the germ theory to be completely developed and it was accepted in the nineteenth century (Thargard, 1997). Robert Koch made the first discovery of the cause of disease where he postulated bacterium as the cause of tuberculosis in 1882. In 1932, Prontosil drug was discovered by Gerhard Domagk as the drug that could eradicate the microbe that Koch had stipulated. Moreover, in 1944, streptomycin was discovered and proved to be the most efficient treatment in killing the microbe. This served as the genesis of treatment regimes which are currently aimed at treating the symptom, eradicating the cause, and changing the course of the disease hence altering the spread of the disease (Thargard, 1997). Latest technology in the twentieth century has led to a more pragmatic approach to spread of disease since it has led to the discovery of nutritional, genetic and immunological causes of disease. The discovery of these aspects has made individuals learn the roles that nutrition plays in preventing spread of disease and also the immunological aspects that sanitation plays in preventing the spread of disease. Genetically, sanitation has progressed since it has aided in the discovery of how some aspect in an individual predisposes them more to acquire infection compared to other individuals. Consequently, knowledge of the immune system has led to the development of vaccines that aid in the protecting the spread of disease. Inventions have also been made in treatment modalities like laser, surgeries, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy all aimed in preventing the spread of disease (Thargard, 1997). Hippocrates a Greek philosopher existed between 430 and 330 B.C. He was a key player in the spread of disease theory since he coined the humoral theory that served as a